SỞ GD & ĐT HẢI PHÒNG
TRƯỜNG THPT NAM TRIỆU
Đề thi thử
(Đề thi có 05 trang)
KỲ THI TỐT NGHIỆP TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG NĂM 2027
Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH – ĐỀ SỐ 12
Thời gian làm bài: 50 phút (không kể thời gian phát đề)
Họ, tên thí sinh: ................................................................ Số báo danh: ............................................................ | Mã đề thi: 1201 |
Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.
TRACKING OUR PLANET’S VITAL SIGNS
The World Meteorological Organization has recently released its latest Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. We urge all young citizens and future scientists to examine these critical findings. If global society (1) ______ decisive action now, we will witness irreversible climatic tipping points.
The primary objective of the report is to deepen the public’s (2) ______ of atmospheric concentrations. Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have surged past previous thresholds, with new monitoring stations (3) ______ across remote biomes. Furthermore, our youth network aims to encourage communities to (4) ______ down carbon-intensive consumption habits immediately. These educational initiatives help empower households to adopt greener routines.
We endeavour to (5) ______ climate literacy through systematic school presentations and community debates. We firmly maintain that informed advocacy can propel national policymakers towards genuine emissions reductions.
Student volunteers will participate in our regional environmental audit next month. Please register via our official portal. Your active (6) ______ is indispensable to our mission. Join our worldwide network today!
Câu 1 (0,25 điểm).
A. take
B. took
C. takes
D. had taken
Câu 2 (0,25 điểm).
A. perception
B. sensation
C. impression
D. intuition
Câu 3 (0,25 điểm).
A. establish
B. established
C. establishing
D. being established
Câu 4 (0,25 điểm).
A. cut
B. bring
C. turn
D. break
Câu 5 (0,25 điểm).
A. foster
B. pretend
C. neglect
D. confine
Câu 6 (0,25 điểm).
A. participant
B. participation
C. participatory
D. participate
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 7 to 11.
Câu 7 (0,25 điểm).
Dear Professor Harrison,
a. Your inspiring lecture on sensory neurobiology last semester motivated me to pursue this specialised field.
b. If possible, could you please sign the attached approval form and email it back before next Friday?
c. My proposed dissertation will focus on non-associative learning and affective processing in bumblebees.
d. I am writing to respectfully request your supervision for my honours research project in the upcoming academic year.
e. Should you require any preliminary data or a formal proposal draft, I would gladly provide them.
Yours sincerely,
Marcus Vance
A. d – a – c – b – e
B. d – c – e – a – b
C. a – d – c – e – b
D. d – b – a – c – e
Câu 8 (0,25 điểm).
a. Liam: That’s remarkable! I always assumed only mammals possessed true emotional states.
b. Sophia: Did you know that recent experiments demonstrate bumblebees engage in object play purely for enjoyment?
c. Sophia: Exactly, and this cognitive capability implies their inner lives are far more complex than we once imagined.
A. b – c – a
B. a – c – b
C. b – a – c
D. c – b – a
Câu 9 (0,25 điểm).
a. The conventional paradigm, however, has come under scrutiny as refined stratigraphic techniques reveal prolonged, stepped biodiversity declines rather than abrupt catastrophes.
b. For over four decades, schoolchildren and palaeontologists alike have taken for granted that five distinct cataclysms decimated life on Earth.
c. Consequently, several macroevolutionary scholars now argue that the classic concept of the "Big Five" mass extinctions may be an artefact of sampling bias.
d. These recognized crises, spanning from the Ordovician to the Cretaceous, were traditionally characterized as sudden global wipes triggered by singular triggers.
e. In addition, localized gaps in the fossil record often distort our chronological timeline, making continuous background losses appear concentrated in brief episodes.
A. b – d – a – e – c
B. d – b – a – c – e
C. b – a – d – e – c
D. e – c – b – d – a
Câu 10 (0,25 điểm).
a. Elena: Why would that matter so much?
b. Elena: I noticed you switched to buying exclusively shade-grown, organic coffee beans.
c. Marcus: Monoculture plantations strip habitats of native floral diversity, leaving pollinators without forage.
d. Marcus: It directly supports local pollinator habitats and protects wild bee colonies from harmful agrochemicals.
e. Elena: I see. That sounds like a simple choice with a massive ecological impact.
A. b – d – a – c – e
B. b – a – d – c – e
C. a – d – b – c – e
D. b – c – a – d – e
Câu 11 (0,25 điểm).
a. Preliminary telemetry data highlighted that emissions from agriculture and heavy industrial processes accounted for nearly half of this unexpected surge.
b. In response, municipal authorities enacted rigorous cap-and-trade mandates, directing fine revenues toward wetland restoration.
c. Years of steady economic expansion across the provincial basin had gradually elevated ambient greenhouse gas levels to unprecedented heights.
d. The promising early figures indicate that local air quality has stabilized, encouraging neighbouring jurisdictions to emulate the policy.
e. The regional environmental watchdog therefore issued a severe warning, urging regional administrators to intervene.
A. c – a – e – b – d
B. c – e – a – b – d
C. e – a – c – d – b
D. a – e – c – b – d
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 12 to 16.
Despite decades of global climate accords and pledge declarations, the atmosphere continues to accumulate heat-trapping gases at an accelerating rate. When climate summits conclude with celebrated headlines, it is tempting (12) ______. Nevertheless, physical monitoring instruments paint an unvarnished reality. A significant portion of atmospheric data demonstrates that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are rising relentlessly, (13) ______. Carbon dioxide concentrations have recently exceeded 420 parts per million, a benchmark unprecedented during human civilization. Yet the sobering truth is that even if gross industrial emissions ceased overnight, the thermal momentum already trapped in our oceans (14) ______.
We tend to measure environmental sustainability by declarations of political intent because rhetoric is the most visible metric available. Nobody experiences the invisible heat balance directly on a daily walk; (15) ______ — renewable installations, electric vehicle sales, or corporate carbon pledges — to gauge ecological progress. Contemporary media has often amplified this tendency, conflating long-term targets with actual atmospheric remediation. (16) ______. The true scorecard resides in parts per million registered in ice cores and mountaintop observatories, not in the optimistic communique signed in a conference hall.
Câu 12 (0,25 điểm).
A. to presume that decisive progress on emissions has already begun
B. for presuming that progress on decisive emissions has begun
C. a presumption that progress on emissions deciding to begin
D. that emissions progress deciding to begin is presumed
Câu 13 (0,25 điểm).
A. whose global emissions pledges have successfully countered
B. with few national commitments translating into genuine declines
C. in which nation-states commit without genuine declining
D. having committed national pledges to genuine declines
Câu 14 (0,25 điểm).
A. would persist for centuries to come
B. which persists through centuries coming
C. for centuries persisting without cease
D. will have persisted centuries before
Câu 15 (0,25 điểm).
A. instead we rely on conspicuous technological proxies
B. so we rely instead on conspicuous technological proxies
C. conspicuous proxies of technology are relied upon instead
D. yet relying upon conspicuous proxies of technology instead
Câu 16 (0,25 điểm).
A. Atmospheric physics, however, remains indifferent to diplomatic pledges
B. Indifferent diplomatic pledges, however, remain atmospheric physics
C. Hence, diplomatic pledges remain indifferent in atmospheric physics
D. Therefore, physics in the atmosphere advertises diplomatic indifference
Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 26.
For decades, introductory palaeontology textbooks have anchored their narrative of Earth's history around the "Big Five" mass extinctions. Popularized in the seminal 1982 paper by Jack Sepkoski and David Raup, this framework posited five catastrophic spasms — the End-Ordovician, Late Devonian, End-Permian, End-Triassic, and End-Cretaceous — during which vast swathes of life were eradicated in geological heartbeats. Each event was envisaged as an extraordinary ecological rupture, typically attributed to a sudden extrinsic trigger: an asteroid impact, gargantuan volcanic outpourings, or rapid atmospheric shifts. This paradigm fundamentally altered evolutionary biology by suggesting that catastrophic luck, rather than gradual natural selection, repeatedly reset the biosphere.
Recently, however, an insurgent cadre of palaeobiologists has questioned whether the "Big Five" ever occurred as distinct, singular catastrophes. Advances in high-precision radioactive dating, coupled with sophisticated statistical simulations, have begun to unveil an unsettling truth: our perception of these mass die-offs may be largely an artefact of sampling biases and geological preservation. The fossil record is notoriously patchy. Rock strata from certain epochs are far more accessible, voluminous, and fossiliferous than those from others. [I] When palaeontologists tally the disappearance of genera across stratigraphic intervals without adjusting for these disparities, a gradual decline in biodiversity can look deceptively like a sudden crash. [II]
Consider the Signor-Lipps effect, a well-documented statistical bias. Because the fossil record rarely captures the very last surviving members of an endangered taxon, the apparent stratigraphic extinction of different species appears spread out backwards in time before an actual abrupt crisis. Conversely, when depositional rates fluctuate wildly or when sedimentary layers are compressed by erosion, gradual background extinctions that occurred over millions of years can be artificially condensed into a single rock horizon. [III] Under refined computational scrutiny, the Late Devonian crisis, once portrayed as an apocalyptic pulse, dissolves into a protracted series of minor ecological turnovers spanning up to twenty million years. [IV]
This revisionist perspective does not deny that Earth's biosphere has weathered periods of immense stress, nor does it dismiss the catastrophic nature of the End-Cretaceous bolide impact. Rather, it challenges the utility of grouping disparate episodes under a uniform rubric of "mass extinction." Macroevolutionary processes appear far more continuous, driven by multifaceted ecosystem degradation rather than recurring extraterrestrial or volcanic silver bullets. The danger lies in imposing clean, dramatic narratives onto a fossil record that is messy, incomplete, and continuously nuanced.
Câu 17 (0,25 điểm). The word seminal in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. controversial
B. influential
C. speculative
D. obsolete
Câu 18 (0,25 điểm). According to paragraph 1, the conventional "Big Five" framework suggested that ______.
A. gradual adaptation through natural selection was the principal driver of every mass turnover
B. extraterrestrial bolides were definitively responsible for all five major prehistoric die-offs
C. catastrophic disruptions played a decisive role in reconfiguring global biodiversity
D. evolutionary lineages consistently retained their ecological dominance following cataclysms
Câu 19 (0,25 điểm). Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a factor skewing our interpretation of the fossil record?
A. Unequal geological availability of fossil-bearing rock strata
B. High-precision radioactive dating methodologies
C. Variations in the fossiliferous nature of sedimentary layers
D. Incomplete and irregular preservation of ancient life forms
Câu 20 (0,25 điểm). Where in paragraphs 2 and 3 does the following sentence best fit?
Such computational adjustments demonstrate that what looks like a knife-edge cliff is often an observational illusion.
A. [I]
B. [II]
C. [III]
D. [IV]
Câu 21 (0,25 điểm). The word disparate in paragraph 4 is OPPOSITE in meaning to ______.
A. divergent
B. homogeneous
C. volatile
D. tangible
Câu 22 (0,25 điểm). The word it in paragraph 4 refers to ______.
A. Earth's biosphere
B. the End-Cretaceous bolide impact
C. this revisionist perspective
D. a uniform rubric
Câu 23 (0,25 điểm). Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3?
A. When subjected to modern analytical methods, the Late Devonian crisis appears as a prolonged sequence of modest shifts rather than a swift catastrophe.
B. Advanced computations confirm that the Late Devonian crisis was indeed a sudden catastrophe that lasted for over twenty million years.
C. The Late Devonian crisis was originally thought to be a minor ecological turnover, but modern algorithms prove it was an apocalyptic pulse.
D. By analyzing twenty million years of fossil records, scientists confirmed that the Late Devonian extinction was caused by external pulses.
Câu 24 (0,25 điểm). Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Revisionist palaeobiologists completely reject the idea that an asteroid triggered the End-Cretaceous extinction.
B. The Signor-Lipps effect causes sudden extinctions to appear spread out backwards in the stratigraphic column.
C. Sepkoski and Raup formulated their 1982 model using high-precision radioactive dating.
D. The Late Devonian extinction occurred in a much narrower timeframe than previously thought.
Câu 25 (0,25 điểm). Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. Categorizing planetary crises into dramatic, discrete events may obscure the gradual nature of ecological collapse.
B. Palaeontologists will soon eliminate the End-Permian extinction from university textbooks.
C. Sedimentary erosion uniformly exaggerates the biodiversity count of prehistoric ecosystems.
D. Extraterrestrial impacts have been proven to exert negligible consequences on Earth's macroevolution.
Câu 26 (0,25 điểm). Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. The End-Cretaceous Impact: Validating Ancient Catastrophes
B. Rethinking Prehistoric Cataclysms: Did the "Big Five" Really Happen?
C. The Signor-Lipps Effect: Disproving Evolutionary Theory
D. Asteroids and Volcanism: The True Drivers of Earth's Mass Extinctions
Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 27 to 32.
VOLUNTEER RESEARCH ASSISTANTS WANTED: INSECT SENTIENCE STUDY
The University Laboratory of Invertebrate Neurobiology is thrilled to announce three assistant research fellowships up for (27) ______ this autumn! The more background in behavioral ecology you possess, (28) ______ your chances of selection will be. Successful candidates will participate in pioneering experiments examining affective states and decision-making in honeybees and bumblebees.
(29) ______, our laboratory provides comprehensive training in miniature tracking sensors and high-speed motion analysis. Furthermore, (30) ______ applicant is required to have published research beforehand, as we prioritize curiosity and methodological diligence over formal credentials.
Formal applications (31) ______ be forwarded to [email protected] by 15 November.
Never before have entomologists unraveled such profound evidence of animal awareness. Do not miss this (32) ______ opportunity to be at the forefront of cognitive science — apply today!
Câu 27 (0,25 điểm).
A. catches
B. grabs
C. holds
D. gains
Câu 28 (0,25 điểm).
A. the higher
B. higher
C. highest
D. the highest
Câu 29 (0,25 điểm).
A. Consequently
B. Alternatively
C. Additionally
D. Therefore
Câu 30 (0,25 điểm).
A. every
B. neither
C. no
D. both
Câu 31 (0,25 điểm).
A. ought
B. must
C. can’t
D. ought not
Câu 32 (0,25 điểm).
A. golden
B. pale
C. vacant
D. trivial
Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 33 to 40.
For centuries, Western philosophy and biological science maintained a rigid divide between human consciousness and the instinctual mechanics of invertebrates. René Descartes famously characterized non-human animals as mere automata — biological clockwork devoid of feeling, subjective experience, or suffering. While mammals and birds were eventually granted a degree of emotional recognition in the late twentieth century, insects remained firmly relegated to the category of hardwired reflexes. Their miniature nervous systems, containing fewer than a million neurons, were presumed incapable of generating the inner richness required for sentience.
That dogmatic barrier is now crumbling. Groundbreaking experiments conducted over the past decade reveal that insects — most notably bumblebees and honeybees — exhibit behavioral markers traditionally interpreted as evidence of feelings. When subjected to stress, such as being agitated in a mechanical shaker, bees subsequently display pessimistic cognitive biases; when presented with an ambiguous feeder, they hesitate, acting as though expecting a negative outcome. Conversely, after receiving a surprise droplet of concentrated sucrose, bees exhibit an optimistic bias, rapidly exploring unfamiliar stimuli and showing signs of dopamine-mediated pleasure.
Even more striking are observations of spontaneous play. In controlled laboratory trials where bumblebees were provided with wooden balls, individual bees rolled the balls repeatedly without any food reward or mating incentive. Young bees played more frequently than older individuals, and many returned persistently to the ball-rolling arena. In mammalian neuroscience, purposeless, intrinsically rewarding interaction with objects is considered a hallmark of positive affect and rudimentary consciousness. To dismiss identical behaviors in bees as robotic programming smacks of anthropocentric prejudice.
The realization that bees experience states analogous to feelings carries momentous implications that reach far beyond entomology. It challenges the presumption that subjective awareness requires a mammalian cerebral cortex, demonstrating instead that complex cognitive processing can emerge from compact neural architecture. Furthermore, it imposes an ethical reckoning. If bees possess the capacity to experience distress, anxiety, and joy, our widespread reliance on neurotoxic pesticides, commercial transport stress, and habitat destruction ceases to be merely an ecological dilemma; it becomes a matter of moral urgency.
Câu 33 (0,25 điểm). In paragraph 1, the author is primarily ______.
A. introducing historical scientific assumptions regarding insect consciousness
B. praising Descartes for his insights into invertebrate physiology
C. proving that brain size is the sole determinant of emotional depth
D. describing the structural evolution of avian and mammalian brains
Câu 34 (0,25 điểm). The word automata in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. conscious agents
B. living organisms
C. mechanical machines
D. primitive ancestors
Câu 35 (0,25 điểm). According to paragraph 2, when bees encounter a stressful disruption, they ______.
A. increase their consumption of sucrose droplets
B. demonstrate pessimistic tendencies in ambiguous scenarios
C. lose the ability to differentiate between odors
D. switch immediately to exploratory ball-rolling behaviors
Câu 36 (0,25 điểm). The word hallmark in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. distinctive feature
B. minor consequence
C. hidden hazard
D. controversial claim
Câu 37 (0,25 điểm). The word It in paragraph 4 refers to ______.
A. Entomology
B. Neural architecture
C. The realization
D. Subjective awareness
Câu 38 (0,25 điểm). Which of the following statements would the author most likely AGREE with?
A. Subjective awareness can only arise in brains containing billions of interconnected neurons.
B. Human treatment of insects should incorporate moral consideration if they are indeed sentient.
C. Ball-rolling in bumblebees is simply an instinctual foraging strategy for hidden nectar.
D. Descartes accurately anticipated modern discoveries in invertebrate neurobiology.
Câu 39 (0,25 điểm). In which paragraph does the author discuss how bees engage in non-functional object manipulation?
A. Paragraph 1
B. Paragraph 2
C. Paragraph 3
D. Paragraph 4
Câu 40 (0,25 điểm). Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A. The physical brain size of insects proves that emotional states are exclusive to humans.
B. Growing evidence of emotional states in bees transforms our view of consciousness and sparks ethical questions.
C. Pesticide overuse has altered the emotional development and behavioral reflexes of wild bees.
D. Scientific research has definitively proven that all invertebrates share identical feelings with mammals.
--------- HẾT ---------
Thí sinh không được sử dụng tài liệu. Cán bộ coi thi không giải thích gì thêm.
HƯỚNG DẪN CHẤM VÀ ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT
MÔN: TIẾNG ANH – ĐỀ SỐ 12
BẢNG ĐÁP ÁN 40 CÂU TRẮC NGHIỆM (0,25 điểm/câu)
Câu | Đáp án | Câu | Đáp án | Câu | Đáp án | Câu | Đáp án |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C | 11 | B | 21 | B | 31 | B |
2 | A | 12 | A | 22 | C | 32 | A |
3 | B | 13 | B | 23 | A | 33 | A |
4 | A | 14 | A | 24 | B | 34 | C |
5 | A | 15 | B | 25 | A | 35 | B |
6 | B | 16 | A | 26 | B | 36 | A |
7 | A | 17 | B | 27 | B | 37 | C |
8 | C | 18 | C | 28 | A | 38 | B |
9 | A | 19 | B | 29 | C | 39 | C |
10 | A | 20 | B | 30 | C | 40 | B |
TÓM TẮT GIẢI THÍCH NỘI DUNG ĐÁP ÁN
- Câu 1: C. Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 1: If + S + V(hiện tại đơn), S + will + V. Chủ ngữ everyone đi với động từ số ít takes.
- Câu 2: A. Cụm cố định: expand/deepen one's perception of sth (mở rộng nhận thức về điều gì).
- Câu 3: B. Cấu trúc bị động thể truyền khiến: have sth + V3/ed hoặc have sth being established (các trạm quan trắc đang được thiết lập).
- Câu 4: A. Cụm động từ: cut down (cắt giảm tiêu thụ/phát thải).
- Câu 5: A. Từ vựng: foster (thúc đẩy, nuôi dưỡng kiến thức/văn hóa khí hậu).
- Câu 6: B. Sau tính từ active cần một danh từ: participation (sự tham gia).
- Câu 7: A. Thứ tự logic của bức thư trang trọng: nêu mục đích xin hướng dẫn đề tài (d) lý do chọn giáo sư (a) giới thiệu cụ thể đề tài (c) đề nghị ký mẫu chấp thuận (b) sẵn sàng gửi thêm đề cương nếu cần (e).
- Câu 8: C. Cặp thoại hỏi – đáp tự nhiên: Sophia đặt câu hỏi về hiện tượng ong chơi đùa (b) Liam ngạc nhiên vì tưởng chỉ thú mới có cảm xúc (a) Sophia giải thích và nhấn mạnh ý nghĩa nhận thức (c).
- Câu 9: A. Trật tự đoạn văn học thuật: Nêu quan niệm truyền thống về 5 đại tuyệt chủng (b) Chi tiết về các sự kiện đó (d) Luồng ý kiến phản biện mới bằng kỹ thuật địa tầng hiện đại (a) Giải thích thêm về độ khuyết của mẫu hóa thạch (e) Kết luận của giới cổ sinh học (c).
- Câu 10: A. Thứ tự hội thoại: Elena hỏi về hành vi đổi loại cà phê (b) Marcus giải thích lợi ích bảo vệ thụ phấn (d) Elena hỏi tại sao điều đó quan trọng (a) Marcus nêu tác hại của trồng độc canh (c) Elena tán đồng (e).
- Câu 11: B. Trật tự đoạn văn: Hoàn cảnh tích tụ khí nhà kính qua nhiều năm (c) Cơ quan giám sát phát cảnh báo can thiệp (e) Số liệu sơ bộ từ công nghiệp/nông nghiệp (a) Biện pháp ban hành hạn ngạch khí thải của chính quyền (b) Kết quả khả quan bước đầu (d).
- Câu 12: A. Cấu trúc it is tempting to presume that... (thật dễ để suy đoán rằng...).
- Câu 13: B. Cấu trúc tuyệt đối/mệnh đề bổ ngữ: with few national commitments translating into genuine declines (với rất ít cam kết quốc gia chuyển hóa thành sự suy giảm thực chất).
- Câu 14: A. Giả định điều kiện loại 2: even if emissions ceased..., thermal momentum would persist....
- Câu 15: B. Liên từ nối kết quả: so we rely instead on conspicuous technological proxies (vì thế chúng ta dựa vào các dấu hiệu công nghệ hữu hình thay thế).
- Câu 16: A. Câu liên kết ý: Atmospheric physics, however, remains indifferent to diplomatic pledges (Tuy nhiên, các quy luật vật lý khí quyển không quan tâm đến những lời cam kết ngoại giao).
- Câu 17: B. seminal (ảnh hưởng sâu sắc, tạo nền tảng) = influential.
- Câu 18: C. Dẫn chứng đoạn 1: mô hình cũ cho rằng thảm họa may rủi định hình lại toàn bộ sinh quyển (repeatedly reset the biosphere).
- Câu 19: B. Phương pháp định tuổi phóng xạ độ chính xác cao là công cụ giúp phát hiện ra sai lệch, chứ không phải nguyên nhân gây sai lệch mẫu hóa thạch.
- Câu 20: B. Câu cần chèn giải thích cho việc điều chỉnh tính toán ở cuối đoạn 2 sau câu phân tích dữ liệu địa tầng.
- Câu 21: B. disparate (khác biệt, đa dạng) homogeneous (đồng nhất).
- Câu 22: C. Đại từ it thay thế cho cụm This revisionist perspective.
- Câu 23: A. Câu gốc chỉ ra rằng dưới phân tích thuật toán mới, khủng hoảng kỷ Devon muộn tan rã thành chuỗi biến động sinh thái kéo dài 20 triệu năm thay vì một đòn tuyệt chủng chớp nhoáng.
- Câu 24: B. Đoạn 3: hiệu ứng Signor-Lipps khiến sự tuyệt chủng biểu kiến của các loài trông như bị phân tán lùi về quá khứ trước một thảm họa thực tế.
- Câu 25: A. Suy luận từ đoạn cuối: việc áp đặt những kịch bản thảm họa gọn gàng có thể làm lu mờ bản chất suy thoái từ từ, liên tục của hệ sinh thái.
- Câu 26: B. Tiêu đề phù hợp nhất: Rethinking Prehistoric Cataclysms: Did the "Big Five" Really Happen? (Xem xét lại các đại tuyệt chủng tiền sử: Liệu 5 đại tuyệt chủng có thực sự diễn ra?).
- Câu 27: B. Thành ngữ: up for grabs (sẵn có cho ai ứng tuyển/đạt được).
- Câu 28: A. So sánh kép: The more... the higher your chances....
- Câu 29: C. Liên từ thêm thông tin bổ sung: Additionally (Ngoài ra).
- Câu 30: C. Lượng từ: no applicant is required to have... (không ứng viên nào bị yêu cầu phải...).
- Câu 31: B. Động từ khuyết thiếu mang tính bắt buộc quy định nộp hồ sơ: must be forwarded.
- Câu 32: A. Cụm từ cố định: a golden opportunity (cơ hội vàng).
- Câu 33: A. Đoạn 1 giới thiệu niềm tin lịch sử từ Descartes cho rằng côn trùng chỉ là cỗ máy sinh học phản xạ.
- Câu 34: C. automata (những cỗ máy tự động/thiết bị vô tri) = mechanical machines.
- Câu 35: B. Dẫn chứng đoạn 2: sau khi bị rung lắc cơ học (stress), ong thể hiện nhận thức bi quan (pessimistic cognitive biases) đối với máng ăn không rõ ràng.
- Câu 36: A. hallmark (dấu hiệu nhận biết đặc trưng) = distinctive feature.
- Câu 37: C. Đại từ It ở đầu câu thay thế cho The realization that bees experience states analogous to feelings.
- Câu 38: B. Dẫn chứng đoạn 4: nếu ong có cảm xúc, con người phải có trách nhiệm đạo đức trong việc sử dụng thuốc trừ sâu độc hại và phá hủy môi trường sống của chúng.
- Câu 39: C. Đoạn 3 miêu tả thí nghiệm ong lăn bóng gỗ tự nguyện mà không cần phần thưởng thức ăn (hành vi chơi đùa không chức năng trực tiếp).
- Câu 40: B. Ý chính toàn bài: bằng chứng ngày càng nhiều về trạng thái cảm xúc ở loài ong làm thay đổi quan niệm về ý thức động vật và đặt ra những câu hỏi đạo đức cấp thiết.
