ĐỀ ÔN TẬP TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH Y KHOA & PHỤC HỒI CHỨC NĂNG - UNIT 4: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

PART I. FEATURES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (4.0 points)

Exercise 1. Sentence Completion (1.0 point)

Complete each of the following sentences with the most suitable medical term or phrase based on the text.

Câu 1. The outer dense membrane covering the surface of a bone, containing blood vessels and nerves that nourish the bone, is called the ______.
Câu 2. Hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells) occurs within the ______ bone marrow, which contains hematopoietic stem cells.
Câu 3. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae, in which the first cervical vertebra is named the ______ and the second is the ______.
Câu 4. The homeostasis of calcium levels is regulated by two antagonistic hormones: ______ from the thyroid gland and ______ from the parathyroid glands.

Exercise 2. Terminology Selection (1.0 point)

Choose the correct word or phrase in bold to complete each clinical and anatomical statement.

Câu 5. The shaft of a long bone is known as the diaphysis / epiphysis, while the rounded end containing cancellous bone is called the diaphysis / epiphysis.
Câu 6. Bones that are embedded in tendons, such as the patella and the pisiform, are classified as sesamoid / irregular bones.
Câu 7. In the anatomical position, the radius is located on the medial / lateral side of the forearm, parallel to the ulna.
Câu 8. Cartilage does not contain its own blood supply or nerve fibers, meaning it is biologically vascular and neural / avascular and aneural.

Exercise 3. Anatomical Identification & Matching (1.0 point)

Match each anatomical bone or accessory structure in Column A with its correct description or location in Column B.

Exercise 4. Clinical Cloze Text (1.0 point)

Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word from the box below.

posture — levers — calcified — matrix — lubricates

Bone tissue is a specialized connective tissue with a hardened, (9) ______ matrix that provides a sturdy framework for the human body, determining our overall (10) ______ and gait. Together with skeletal muscles and joints, bones act as physiological (11) ______ to maximize the mechanical efficiency of locomotion. In synovial joints, the inner synovial fluid not only nourishes the avascular articular cartilage but also (12) ______ the moving articular surfaces to eliminate friction during weight-bearing activities.

PART II. DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (3.5 points)

Exercise 5. Pathology Identification & Matching (1.0 point)

Read the pathological definitions and match them with the corresponding clinical disorders (A – D).

Câu 13. An endocrine bone disorder caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty, leading to disproportionate enlargement of the mandible, facial bones, and peripheral extremity bones without increasing vertical height.
Câu 14. A metabolic bone condition characterized by 'soft' bones due to defective mineralization, commonly resulting from severe nutritional deficiencies in vitamin D and calcium.
Câu 15. A progressive systemic autoimmune condition that leads to chronic synovitis, joint inflammation, pain, stiffness, and eventual destruction of articular surfaces.
Câu 16. A metabolic skeletal disease resulting from an imbalance where osteoclast-mediated bone resorption outpaces osteoblast-mediated bone formation, frequently occurring in post-menopausal women due to estrogen withdrawal.

Exercise 6. Clinical Reading Comprehension & True / False (1.0 point)

Read the passage below and decide whether the statements are True (T) or False (F).

Fractures are defined as disruptions in the structural continuity of bone tissue. In clinical orthopedics, fractures are classified according to bone displacement, the integrity of the overlying skin, and the fracture line geometry. A simple (closed) fracture does not breach the epidermal surface, whereas an open (compound) fracture exposes the bone fragments to the external environment, significantly increasing the risk of osteomyelitis. A greenstick fracture is an incomplete break commonly seen in pediatric patients due to the higher plasticity of immature bone. Pathological fractures occur when minimal mechanical stress breaks a bone already weakened by an underlying disease, such as bone metastasis or advanced osteoporosis.

Câu 17. An open fracture presents a high risk of deep bone infection because the skin barrier is interrupted.
Câu 18. Greenstick fractures are complete fractures typically observed in elderly osteoporotic patients.
Câu 19. Pathological fractures are primarily caused by high-energy vehicular trauma in healthy adult bones.
Câu 20. In a simple fracture, the fractured bone fragments do not penetrate through the external cutaneous tissue.

Exercise 7. Fracture Classification (0.75 point)

Match each fracture type with its specific radiological/clinical presentation:

Exercise 8. Logical Sentence Sequencing (0.75 point)

Put the following scrambled sentences in the correct chronological and physiological order to describe the pathogenesis of post-menopausal osteoporosis.

(1) This hormonal depletion triggers elevated osteoclastic activity that drastically exceeds osteoblastic bone synthesis.
(2) During menopause, women experience a sharp decline in systemic estrogen production by the ovaries.
(3) Consequently, the microarchitectural deterioration leads to severe bone density loss and high susceptibility to fragility fractures.

PART III. MORE PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION TO REHABILITATION (2.5 points)

Exercise 9. Clinical Reading in Physical Rehabilitation (1.5 points)

Read the medical excerpt on musculoskeletal rehabilitation and answer the questions below.

Physical rehabilitation plays an indispensable role in restoring functional independence following musculoskeletal trauma, joint arthroplasty, and pathological bone conditions. The primary objectives of orthopedic rehabilitation are pain alleviation, inflammation control, restoration of range of motion (ROM), and re-education of neuromuscular function.

In the acute phase following bone fracture reduction or ligamentous repair, immobilized joints rapidly undergo muscular atrophy and capsular stiffness. Physical therapists initially utilize passive range of motion (PROM) exercises, wherein an external force (either a mechanical continuous passive motion machine or a therapist) moves the joint through available arcs without voluntary muscle contractions from the patient. As bone consolidation progresses, active-assisted and active exercises are introduced to strengthen periarticular muscles and enhance joint stability.

Furthermore, gait retraining is a cornerstone of lower extremity rehabilitation. Patients recovering from hip fractures or knee replacements frequently require assistive ambulation devices, such as crutches, walkers, or canes, to minimize non-physiological axial loading on healing structures. Proper rehabilitation protocols significantly decrease the incidence of secondary joint contractures, enhance functional mobility, and prevent recurrent fall-related fractures.

Câu 21. What is the initial therapeutic focus of physical rehabilitation during the acute post-surgical phase?

Câu 22. In passive range of motion (PROM) exercises, joint movement is accomplished by:

Câu 23. What is the primary clinical purpose of utilizing assistive devices (such as walkers or crutches) during gait retraining?

Exercise 10. Rehabilitation Terminology Application (1.0 point)

Match each clinical rehabilitation term in Column 1 with its corresponding definition or practical goal in Column 2.

--------- HẾT ---------
(Cán bộ coi thi không giải thích gì thêm)

Họ và tên thí sinh: ................................................................ Số báo danh: ........................

HƯỚNG DẪN CHẤM VÀ ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT

A. HƯỚNG DẪN CHUNG

- Đề thi được thiết kế tích hợp giữa kiểm tra kiến thức ngôn ngữ y khoa chuyên ngành (Medical English) và ứng dụng lâm sàng trong Vật lý trị liệu - Phục hồi chức năng.
- Chấp nhận các biến thể chính tả đúng ngữ pháp y học (ví dụ: haematopoiesis / hematopoiesis).
- Tổng điểm bài thi là 10,0 điểm. Điểm từng câu được quy định chi tiết trong bảng hướng dẫn chấm dưới đây.

B. ĐÁP ÁN VÀ THANG ĐIỂM CHI TIẾT

BẢNG TỔNG HỢP ĐÁP ÁN TRẮC NGHIỆM VÀ ĐIỀN TỪ

(Ghi chú: Câu 3 tính đủ 0,25đ khi điền đúng cả hai đốt sống; Câu 4 tính đủ 0,25đ khi nêu đúng hai hormone; Câu 5 tính đủ 0,25đ khi chọn đúng cả hai vị trí).

GIẢI THÍCH CHI TIẾT VÀ NỘI DUNG CHUYÊN MÔN