BỘ ĐỀ 100 CÂU TRẮC NGHIỆM TIẾNG ANH Y KHOA: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

PART I. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES, HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS OF BONE (Questions 1 – 40)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Câu 1. An adult human skeleton is typically composed of how many individual bones?

Câu 2. Which of the following cells are specifically responsible for the formation and mineralization of new bone tissue?

Câu 3. Bone resorption and the breakdown of calcified extracellular matrix are primarily mediated by which cell type?

Câu 4. The mature bone cells that maintain daily cellular activities of osseous tissue are known as ______.

Câu 5. The bone matrix derives its hardness and compressive strength predominantly from ______, while its tensile strength and flexibility come from ______.

Câu 6. The tough, fibrous membrane that covers and protects the outer surface of a bone, supplying it with blood vessels and nerves, is called the ______.

Câu 7. Where are hematopoietic stem cells responsible for blood cell production (erythropoiesis) primarily located?

Câu 8. In an adult, the hollow cylinder forming the central shaft of a typical long bone is anatomically designated as the ______.

Câu 9. The expanded, rounded ends of a long bone that articulate with neighboring bones are termed the ______.

Câu 10. Which of the following skeletal elements is classified as a modified long bone due to the distinct curvature and shape of its shaft?

Câu 11. Bones that are roughly cube-shaped and consist of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing a spongy interior, such as the carpals and tarsals, belong to which category?

Câu 12. The cranial bones of the skull and the breastbone (sternum) are prototypical examples of ______.

Câu 13. Sesamoid bones, such as the patella, are distinct because they develop embedded within ______.

Câu 14. Why does the presence of a sesamoid bone improve mechanical efficiency around a joint?

Câu 15. The vertebrae, the hip bones, and complex facial bones like the sphenoid and ethmoid are categorized as ______.

Câu 16. Which division of the skeletal system consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum?

Câu 17. All of the following cranial bones exist in symmetrical pairs EXCEPT the ______.

Câu 18. The facial bone forming the lower jaw and housing the lower teeth is the ______.

Câu 19. The adult human vertebral column is composed of 33 vertebrae during development, which are grouped into five anatomical regions. How many cervical vertebrae are present?

Câu 20. The first cervical vertebra ($C_1$), which articulates with the occipital condyles and supports the skull, is named the ______.

Câu 21. Rotation of the head side to side is made possible by the pivotal articulation between the atlas and the second cervical vertebra ($C_2$), known as the ______.

Câu 22. How many pairs of ribs form the human thoracic cage?

Câu 23. Rib pairs 11 and 12 are designated as "floating ribs" because they ______.

Câu 24. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and consists of the ______.

Câu 25. In the forearm, the bone situated on the lateral side (aligned with the thumb) is the ______, whereas the medial bone is the ______.

Câu 26. How many carpal bones are found in each human wrist?

Câu 27. Each human hand contains a total of 14 phalanges. How many phalanges are found in the thumb (pollex)?

Câu 28. The pelvic girdle is formed by two large hip bones, also scientifically known as ______.

Câu 29. The heaviest, longest, and strongest bone in the human body is the ______.

Câu 30. At the knee joint, the distal end of the femur articulates directly with the proximal surface of the ______.

Câu 31. Which of the following statements regarding the fibula is TRUE?

Câu 32. How many tarsal bones are located in each human ankle?

Câu 33. When blood calcium levels fall below normal physiological levels, the parathyroid glands release ______, which stimulates bone resorption to restore calcemia.

Câu 34. The hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps lower elevated blood calcium levels by depositing calcium salts into the bone matrix is ______.

Câu 35. Cartilage tissue is characterized as being "avascular and aneural", which means it ______.

Câu 36. The specialized cells embedded within the lacunae of cartilage that synthesize extracellular matrix are called ______.

Câu 37. A band of tough, flexible fibrous dense connective tissue that connects bone to bone to stabilize joints is a ______.

Câu 38. A cord-like fibrous tissue that anchors a muscle to a bone, transmitting contractile force to produce joint movement, is designated as a ______.

Câu 39. The immovable joints holding the flat bones of the adult cranium together are called ______.

Câu 40. Inside the knee joint capsule, shock-absorbing crescentic fibrocartilage pads that cushion bone ends are called ______.

PART II. DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM AND FRACTURE PATHOLOGIES (Questions 41 – 75)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Câu 41. A clinical condition characterized by excessive secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland after puberty and epiphyseal plate closure is termed ______.

Câu 42. Why does acromegaly result in enlargement of the hands, feet, and mandible rather than an increase in overall height?

Câu 43. General inflammation of one or more joints causing localized pain, swelling, and stiffness is clinically referred to as ______.

Câu 44. An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system targets synovial membranes, resulting in chronic joint inflammation, pannus formation, and cartilage erosion, is ______.

Câu 45. A fracture occurring in a bone already weakened by a pre-existing underlying systemic or local disease (such as cancer or osteoporosis) is termed a ______.

Câu 46. Repeated minor mechanical trauma or prolonged unaccustomed physical activity (such as military marching or marathon running) can cause small hairline cracks known as ______.

Câu 47. A fracture in which the broken bone fragments penetrate the overlying soft tissue and pierce the skin, posing a severe risk of deep infection, is classified as a/an ______ fracture.

Câu 48. When a bone is broken cleanly into two pieces without creating an open wound in the overlying integument, the injury is a ______.

Câu 49. A pediatric patient presents with an incomplete fracture where one side of the bone is broken and bent along its convex cortex, while the concave cortex remains intact. This is typical of a ______ fracture.

Câu 50. Why are greenstick fractures predominantly encountered in young children rather than elderly individuals?

Câu 51. A severe high-energy motorcycle accident resulted in a femoral shaft broken into multiple small splinters and bone pieces. The radiologist documents this as a ______ fracture.

Câu 52. A fracture in which the fracture line runs perpendicular (at a right angle) to the longitudinal axis of the bone shaft is classified as a ______ fracture.

Câu 53. An oblique fracture is radiographically distinguished by a break that ______.

Câu 54. Excessive torsional or twisting force applied along the shaft of a long bone typically induces a ______ fracture.

Câu 55. In an impacted fracture, what characteristic displacement pattern occurs between the bone fragments?

Câu 56. A displacement of the bone fragments away from their anatomical alignment where the fractured ends are separated is designated as a ______ fracture.

Câu 57. Incomplete longitudinal cracking of a bone without complete separation of cortices is termed a ______ fracture.

Câu 58. Osteomalacia in adults leads to soft, demineralized bones and is caused primarily by nutritional deficiencies of ______.

Câu 59. Which skeletal region is most frequently affected by pain and spontaneous compression fractures in patients suffering from osteomalacia?

Câu 60. The metabolic bone disease characterized by a progressive reduction in bone mass density, microarchitectural deterioration, and increased skeletal fragility is called ______.

Câu 61. At the cellular level, osteoporosis develops due to an imbalance between bone turnover activities, specifically when ______.

Câu 62. Why are post-menopausal women at significantly higher risk of developing severe osteoporosis?

Câu 63. A common pediatric disease in developing nations characterized by severe failure of bone mineralization, soft bones, and bowed legs under weight-bearing stress is ______.

Câu 64. In pediatric rickets, permanent skeletal deformities in adulthood occur primarily because ______.

Câu 65. An elderly female patient trips over a carpet and suffers a fracture of the femoral neck. Her dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan shows a markedly reduced T-score. The underlying condition is ______.

Câu 66. A metabolic joint disorder caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the synovial cavity, resulting in acute, excruciating inflammatory pain (often in the big toe), is ______.

Câu 67. Osteoarthritis is primarily considered a "wear-and-tear" degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of ______.

Câu 68. An injury in which the articulating ends of bones forming a joint are forcibly knocked out of their normal anatomical position is called a ______.

Câu 69. Stretching or tearing of a ligament supporting a joint is medically classified as a ______.

Câu 70. Stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon unit is technically termed a ______.

Câu 71. A blunt injury to the soft tissues overlying a bone that causes capillary rupture and local hemorrhage without breaking the skin or bone is a ______.

Câu 72. A deep injury caused by an object piercing through the skin and penetrating directly into a joint capsule is known as a ______.

Câu 73. The term demineralization in the context of bone pathology refers to the ______.

Câu 74. What is the initial recommended medical treatment for nutritional osteomalacia and childhood rickets?

Câu 75. As humans advance into old age, spinal flexibility progressively decreases because the intervertebral discs and cartilage in the spine ______.

PART III. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY, ROOT WORDS, REHABILITATION AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS (Questions 76 – 100)

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Câu 76. In medical terminology, the combining form oste(o)- refers to ______.

Câu 77. The combining root arthr(o)- in words such as arthroscopy or arthritis denotes which anatomical structure?

Câu 78. The medical root cost(o)- relates specifically to the ______.

Câu 79. The combining form crani(o)- refers to the ______, while spondyl(o)- refers to a ______.

Câu 80. A surgical procedure that involves the surgical excision or removal of a rib is clinically designated as a ______.

Câu 81. Inflammation of one or more vertebrae, typically accompanied by chronic back stiffness and pain, is named ______.

Câu 82. The surgical reconstruction or total replacement of a diseased, damaged joint (such as the hip or knee) is referred to as ______.

Câu 83. The common non-technical term for the clavicle is the ______, and for the scapula is the ______.

Câu 84. The anatomical term patella corresponds to which common household bone name?

Câu 85. In lower extremity anatomy, the tibia is popularly referred to as the ______, while the femur is known as the ______.

Câu 86. The anatomical bone termed the calcaneus is commonly designated as the ______.

Câu 87. The common term for the sternum is the ______, while the coccyx is known as the ______.

Câu 88. The anatomical cheekbone is clinically named the zygomatic bone (or zygoma), while the lower jaw bone is the ______.

Câu 89. The "U"-shaped, non-articulating bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck that acts as a movable base for the tongue is the ______.

Câu 90. A synovial joint that permits angular movement strictly in one plane, resembling the movement of a door on its hinges (such as the elbow and knee joints), is classified as a ______ joint.

Câu 91. Which joint category affords the greatest multiaxial range of motion (including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction), exemplified by the hip and shoulder joints?

Câu 92. The specialized joint found at the carpometacarpal joint of the human thumb, which allows humans to oppose their thumbs against other fingers, is a ______ joint.

Câu 93. In joint kinesiopathology, moving an extremity away from the midline of the body is termed ______, whereas moving it toward the midline is termed ______.

Câu 94. A circular motion combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction such that the distal end of a limb describes a cone is termed ______.

Câu 95. A fluid-filled sac lined with synovial membrane that cushions and reduces friction between tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones at a joint is called a ______.

Câu 96. Inflammation of a fluid-filled cushioning sac around a joint, often caused by chronic repetitive friction or pressure, is diagnosed as ______.

Câu 97. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a crucial intra-articular stabilizer of the knee that connects the ______.

Câu 98. The largest, thickest, and strongest tendon in the human body, connecting the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the calcaneus, is the ______.

Câu 99. A minimally invasive diagnostic and surgical procedure using an illuminated fiber-optic camera inserted directly into a joint cavity is called ______.

Câu 100. During clinical rehabilitation following a major lower extremity fracture, a physical therapist assists a patient in retraining their manner and style of walking. The medical term for this walking pattern is ______.

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HƯỚNG DẪN CHẤM VÀ ĐÁP ÁN (ANSWER KEY)

BẢNG ĐÁP ÁN 100 CÂU TRẮC NGHIỆM THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

GIẢI THÍCH MỘT SỐ THUẬT NGỮ VÀ KHÁI NIỆM TRỌNG TÂM

- Osteoblasts vs. Osteoclasts: Osteoblasts có nhiệm vụ tạo và khoáng hoá chất căn bản của xương (bone-building), trong khi osteoclasts tiết enzym và acid để huỷ mô xương, tái hấp thu chất khoáng (bone-resorbing). Sự mất cân bằng giữa hai quá trình này dẫn tới loãng xương (osteoporosis).
- Phân biệt Ligament và Tendon: Ligament (dây chằng) kết nối xương với xương nhằm giữ vững khớp; Tendon (gân) nối bắp cơ vào xương để truyền lực co cơ tạo nên cử động.
- Phân loại gãy xương:
- Greenstick fracture: Gãy cành tươi, gặp ở trẻ nhỏ do xương mềm dẻo giàu collagen;
- Comminuted fracture: Gãy nát/vụn nhiều mảnh;
- Pathological fracture: Gãy xương bệnh lý (trên nền xương đã suy yếu do u, loãng xương, viêm);
- Stress/fatigue fracture: Gãy xương do mỏi, nứt vi thể do áp lực cơ học lặp đi lặp lại.
- Rickets & Osteomalacia: Đều do thiếu hụt Vitamin D và Canxi làm xương mềm (demineralization); ở trẻ em gọi là Rickets (còi xương, dễ gây biến dạng cong chân dưới sức nặng cơ thể), ở người lớn gọi là Osteomalacia (nhuyễn xương, hay đau nhức và xẹp đốt sống thắt lưng).